<<Guidelines for writing a English Paper for publication>>

A primary task of a researcher is the communication of technical results to the broader scientific

community. Whether in written or oral form, scientific communication is a critical step in the scientific

method and is the key driver of movement within a scientific field. Therefore, the construction of a

written scientific manuscript must not be taken lightly. As part of our service to the broader scientific

community, we thought it may be beneficial to identify some of the common aspects of a well

constructed scientific manuscript. These points are briefly discussed below.

It should be noted that manuscripts that are successfully submitted to a journal for publication have

three main components: (1) the overall idea, (2) the execution of the work, and (3) the presentation of

the work. While each of these is critical, the guidelines presented below primarily speak to the third

component, namely the presentation of the scientific work. Thus a poor idea or a poorly designed

investigation can not be saved by an excellent presentation of the work, and equally an excellent idea that

is well investigated can still be doomed by a poor presentation. Hopefully the concepts described below

will help to minimize the latter situation.

Structure and Approach

Scientific research must begin with a defined research question, which results in a well designed research

protocol that plans the overall approach. This foundation should lead to a set of data from which the

manuscript can be constructed. Manuscripts submitted to journals for consideration for publication

typically have the following components.

• Title Page

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Methods

• Results

• Discussion

• Conclusions

• Acknowledgements

• References

• Tables and Table Captions

• Figure and Figure Captions

A reasonable approach to writing a scientific manuscript may be the following. First write the Methods

section, largely derived from your initial research protocol, and perhaps during the experimental phase

of the work itself so that all details are included. Construct all of the figures and tables that contain the

data included in the work, and then write the Results section. Depending upon the type of study, there

may be some iteration in the presentation of the data and writing of the text. Reconsider the scientific

questions the manuscript will address, again referring to your research protocol, and then write the

Introduction. Next, use the Introduction and Results to guide the writing of the Discussion. Summarize

everything in an Abstract, and then condense and refocus the Abstract into a Conclusions section. Below

is a brief discussion of each of the sections. These are only suggestions on how a scientific manuscript

may be written. Other strategies may also be used, but clarity should be the guiding principle. In general,

the purpose of a scientific manuscript is to construct a clearly written document that describes a question

and then logically presents an answer to this question that is based upon theoretical or experimental results.

A scientific manuscript is meant to convey technical information to the reader. Therefore, it is generally

designed to be a straightforward presentation and discussion. Paragraphs and sentences should be simply

constructed. One point of view that supports this concept is that the scientific aspect of the manuscript

may be challenging enough for the reader to comprehend, therefore the text itself should support the

endeavor to convey the scientific information, rather than acting to further obscure the concepts and results 

Title Page

A title page should be included. State the title of the manuscript, which should be short and simple, as

well as authors and author affiliations. Indicate the journal to which the manuscript is being submitted.

Provide approximately 5 key words, as well as a short title (sometimes referred to as a running title) for

the manuscript. Finally, provide complete contact information for the corresponding author.

Abstract

The abstract is typically a single paragraph. The abstract should be considered as an independent

document, so that the abstract does not rely upon any material in the body of the report and, similarly,

the body of the report does not rely upon any material in the abstract. The first sentence should clearly

state the objective of the experiment. If the experiment is based upon a hypothesis, which is greatly

preferred, the hypothesis should be stated and followed with statements describing its basis and

evaluation. The subsequent sentences describe how the investigation was carried out. The following

sentences describe, with as much precision as possible without being verbose, the results of the

experiment. The final sentences describe the significance of the results and the impact of this work on the

general field of study.

Introduction

The introduction requires a short review of the literature pertaining to the research topic. The

introduction is then best constructed as a descriptive funnel, starting with broad topics and slowly

focusing on the work at hand. Perhaps three to four paragraphs are needed. One approach may be to

start with one or two paragraphs that introduce the reader to the general field of study. The subsequent

paragraphs then describe how an aspect of this field could be improved. The final paragraph is critical.

It clearly states, most likely in the first sentence of the paragraph, what experimental question will be

answered by the present study. The hypothesis is then stated. Next, briefly describe the approach that was

taken to test the hypothesis. Finally, a summary sentence may be added stating how the answer of your

question will contribute to the overall field of study.

Methods

This section should be a straightforward description of the methods used in your study. Each method

should be described in a separate section. Begin, in a single section, with a statement of the materials

used in the study, indicating the vendor and vendor contact information for each material. This

information is critical so that readers have the capability to repeat the work in their own institutions.

Next describe, in separate sections, each key procedure and technique used in the study. Keep

explanations brief and concise. If a specific experimental design is utilized, describe this design 

in the second section of the Methods, after the materials section. Similarly, if a theoretical or modeling

component is utilized, it should also be incorporated in the initial portion of the Methods. Finally, remember

to describe the statistical analysis methods that were utilized to analyze the results, most likely

in the final section of the Methods section. Although it is typically not recommended, the

use of the passive voice is probably appropriate in the Methods section 

Results

The Results section presents the experimental data to the reader, and is not a place for discussion or

interpretation of the data. The data itself should be presented in tables and figures (see below). Introduce

each group of tables and figures in a separate paragraph where the overall trends and data points of

particular interest are noted. You may want to indicate the placement of a particular table or figure

in the text. For experimental studies, key statistics such as the number of samples (n), the index of

dispersion (SD, SEM), and the index of central tendency (mean, median or mode) must be stated. Include

any statistical analysis that was performed, and make sure to indicate specific statistical data, such as

p-values. Note that each table and figure in the paper must be referred to in the Results section. Be

succinct.

Discussion

The discussion section, often the most difficult to write, should be relatively easy if the previous

suggestions have been followed. In particular, look to the last paragraph of the introduction. If the work

has characterized a phenomenon by studying specific effects, use the results to describe each effect

in separate paragraphs. If the work has presented a hypothesis, use the results to construct a logical

argument that supports or rejects your hypothesis. If the work has identified three main objectives for

the work, use the results to address each of these objectives. A well-defined study that is described in

the Introduction, along with supporting results that are presented in the Results section, should ease the

construction of the Discussion section.

Begin the Discussion section with a brief paragraph that again gives an overview to the work. Summarize

the most important findings and, if applicable, accept or reject the proposed hypothesis. Next, identify

the most interesting, significant, remarkable findings that were presented in the Results section, and

contrast these findings in light of other studies reported in the literature. It is often informative if a

discussion of the potential weaknesses of the interpretation is also included. Finally, at the end of the

Discussion section, consider the other works in the literature that address this topic and how this work

contributes to the overall field of study.

Conclusions

Again, first introduce the work and then briefly state the major results. Then state the major points of the

discussion. Finally, end with a statement of how this work contributes to the overall field of study.

Acknowledgements

Provide a brief statement acknowledging the efforts of any participants or consultants who are not included 

as authors of the manuscript. State all of the funding sources for the work, ensuring that the statement adheres 

to the guidelines provided by the funding institution.  

References

Include all references that have been cited in the text. The references should be well considered, so that

they contain all key sources in the field as well as previous studies that support or motivate the present

work. However, do not include extraneous references in an effort to simply cite particular authors or

journals. It may be appropriate to cite previous publications from your own laboratory, but this should be

done judiciously.

You must use the reference format that is mandated by the journal to which you are submitting the

manuscript. Software packages make citing literature particularly easy.

Tables and Table Captions

Tables should generally be included in a separate section after the References section. The tables should

be headed with a caption and title in bold (i.e., Table 1: Material Properties), followed by a sentence or

two that describes the content and impact of the data included in the table. The table itself should be

formatted so that the data is clearly presented and easily interpreted by the reviewer, however the table

is likely to be reformatted by journal to conform to its standards. Make sure that each table is referred

to in the manuscript text; this will most likely occur in the Results section, but may also occur in the

Introduction, Methods, or Discussion sections.

Figures and Figure Captions

As with the tables, figures can also be placed in a separate section after the References section. Again,

clarity is the key factor, especially with images and graphs. All images should be as large as possible,

and include accurate scale bars. The graphs should be large, with data points and axis labels in a large

font. Legends can be included within the graph or in the caption. All figures need a caption. The caption

should identify the figure in bold (i.e., Figure 3), state a brief title to the figure, succinctly present the

significant result or interpretation that may be made from the figure (this may be modified from the

Results or Discussion section text), and finally state the number of repetitions within the experiment (i.e.,

n=5) as well as what the data point actually represents (i.e., the data are means and the associated error

bars represent standard deviations). As with the tables, make sure that each figure is referred to in the

manuscript text.

Authorship and Originality

Finally, we have assembled some points to consider in regards to authorship and originality of

manuscripts submitted for publication

• Plagiarism is unfortunately a major concern among editors and publishers. Therefore, be certain of the

sources of all data and text. If the article is based upon prior work, be sure to reference that prior work

properly. An original research paper can not contain previously published data in any form without a

proper citation.

• Authorship and the order of authorship must be agreed upon by all of the authors and any other

personnel who participated in the work but are not included as an author.

• It is not permissible to submit a work that is atranslation of a previously published paper.